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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also have comorbid disorders, such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues 2006). Many patients who are depressed do not respond well to medication and may be able to benefit from therapy. Medications that most effectively improve the most fundamental symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and regulate levels of certain neurotransmitters, which are brain chemicals. Commonly prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar drugs. Medicines A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can be used for adults. However, the dosages are different and the medications can cause adverse effects that aren't common in children. A doctor will look at the medical history of the patient, family history and other health conditions to determine which medicine is the best for them. The most common type of ADHD medication is stimulant and is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers within the brain, namely norepinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall) and dextroamphetamine increase the availability of neurotransmitters that help improve focus, reduce impulsivity and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, such as liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable because they provide greater patient compliance and a longer lasting, smoother improvement of symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that co-existing conditions like depression and anxiety disorders can influence the response to ADHD medications. It is therefore recommended that psychiatric disorders be treated first before medication used as secondary measure. The medications that can be utilized for comorbid mood disorders are atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants as well as bupropion (Wilens, 2004).). Certain patients might suffer from an “rebound effect” in which their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medication. In these instances, a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could be helpful. Some people are unable to take stimulant medications or take it because of the misuse of drugs or other health conditions such as heart or hypertension problems that are severe. In these instances, non-stimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These drugs don't have the same side effects as stimulants and are less likely to be misused or diverted. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD are able to benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help those with ADHD learn how to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, or manage problems at work or in relationships. It can also aid in the treatment of co-existing mental disorders like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as well as mind-body cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These therapies are based on the idea that beliefs and thoughts can influence how someone is feeling, thinks and behaves. CBT assists a person to identify negative behaviors and thinking patterns, and then develops and implements strategies to change them. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy uses techniques for meditation to teach a person how to focus on their thoughts and emotions, control impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy that concentrate on the family history of a person could be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. In addition to medication psychotherapy can assist in addressing the specific problems caused by ADHD problems, like having trouble staying on track with schoolwork, resolving conflict and being able to get together with others, losing important dates or obligations, and impulsive decisions that can lead to legal or financial issues. treatment for adult add can assist a person overcome underlying issues such as depression and anxiety that may contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help someone find healthy coping skills and reduce stress through exercises, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to the family member or spouse who is struggling with the effects ADHD has on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy can help families and couples improve communication and learn to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a kind of psychotherapy which focuses on changing the client's negative thinking patterns. It employs dialogue based on skill with an experienced mental health professional (a therapist) to address the root causes of their symptoms. The goal of this treatment is to eliminate the limitations and implement coping strategies that are compatible with the daily routine of the client. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients to recognize harmful thinking patterns and assist them to learn to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take some time. However, it is a viable option for adults who aren't getting enough relief from medication. A recent RCT study concluded that when combined with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in improving core symptoms, emotional symptoms self-esteem, and social functioning in adults with ADHD (Clarke and colleagues., 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is especially effective for those who have more severe underlying problems. The therapists that provide this kind of treatment usually work with the client to create a detailed action plan for addressing their problems. They will teach them a set of practical skills that are easy to master and have a high probability of success. Typically, a chart system is used to monitor progress and reward positive behaviour. In the case of a child, this might involve a daily report that lists all the school-related tasks or positive behavior they must perform and an approach to monitoring and gaining rewards. Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences may be imposed if a child isn't able to finish their work. This can be done with care and support. Metacognitive Therapy A newer type of therapy, metacognitive therapy helps individuals change how they think. This type of therapy can be beneficial for those who suffer from a range of mental health issues like depression. It's a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people recognize their negative thoughts and how they affect their emotions. This kind of therapy can assist them in acquiring psychological tools that are flexible and useful. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To accomplish this, we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management, and Evaluation). The results showed that complete knowledge was associated with daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD, but not regulation processes. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power which indicates that they can be the cause of significant variation in the daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs that perpetuate states of worry and rumination, as well as attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety, but it's still relatively in its infancy and more research is needed to determine its effectiveness in other disorders. This study was created to determine the efficacy of MCT in decreasing symptoms of anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a variety of disorders and could be more effective than other therapies. It's important to keep in mind that this is not a cure for ADHD but it could be utilized as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the Therapist works with the entire family. This allows everyone to learn about the client's issues and to understand how to help their loved ones better. It also assists them in dealing with their anger and develop better communication skills. This kind of counseling can be utilized to treat other comorbidities, such as addiction and depression that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD. The therapist will begin with an intake session in order to gain an understanding of the family's perspective of the problem and evaluate their potential for intervention by the family. This can be done either in person or online. The counselor will explain to each person the nature of treatment as well as the rules for family therapy. A therapist who has experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask lots of questions to gain an understanding of the client's current symptoms, their history, and their impact on their work life as well as their family and social life. They will also ask whether there are any other mental health issues, such as anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a kind of counseling that teaches you how to manage your behavior and transform negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self-control by educating you on how to cope with stress and anger. It is a treatment option for short-term use that can be used in conjunction with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people with ADHD deal with emotional burdens resulting from long-standing patterns of underachievement and failure academic issues as well as frequent job changes and conflict in relationships. It can help you learn strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and money more efficiently. It can also help with the comorbidity of disorders like anxiety and mood disorders which are frequently associated with ADHD.